Chemical Changes

Chemical changes happen all around us. It can be when the leaves change, rotting food, or when things start to smell differently than how they did before. Chemical changes happen when you combine two or more substances and they transform into another substance. The new substance has new physical and chemical properties. Reactions can include ions, compounds or molecules of an element. Single reactions usually are a part of a series of reactions. If you move your arm, the muscles need sugars for energy. The sugars have to be metabolized then used in your arm.

Pic credsInfo

Glassblowing

Glass blowing has been around for a very long time, but the techniques of glassblowing haven't advanced much. There's been new technology to help, but the overall technique is pretty much the same. Glass is an amorphous solid, or a no crystalline solid. The molecular structure is more like a liquid's, it's randomized,  which is why it's transparent. In glassblowing, they use top quality sand. Regular sand from the beach has too many impurities. Sometimes they add stuff like alumina, magnesia, boron oxide and lead oxide to make it easier to blow the glass. A common type of glass used is soda lime glass. It's 72% silica, 15% soda (sodium dioxide), and 9% lime (calcium oxide). Those materials are fluxes. They lower the melting point and decrease the viscosity of the glass while it's melted. It also makes it stronger. If you add different metal oxides, it will add a color. If you put cobalt in it, it will make it blue.

Pic creds

Article

Horse Racing

Horse Racing has evolved over the years. Until the 19th century, the jockeys would sit up straight, head up, with their seat in the saddle. They thought that this let the horse go the fastest. Then they did some studies. They found out that standing up, bending forward, and moving along with the motion of the horse, enables the horse to move about 5%-7% faster. Either way, the horse still has to carry weight. Although standing up is less work for the horse, it's more for the rider. The researchers wrote, "The jockey's legs oscillate in length while transmitting a vertical force, resulting in substantial mechanical work."

Thill Pfau placed two sensors, (one on the front of the saddle to represent the horse, and another on the rider) to figure out the movements. They found that the horse's back oscillates 6 inches and the jockey moves up and down 2.3 inches. They also found that the horse is about 87% of the weight (about 1,100 pounds) and the jockey is the other 13%. The strategy of standing up while racing definitely enables the horse to move more effectively and faster.

Information Creds

Picture Creds

Our Solar System

Our solar system is over 4.5 billion years old and it is one of several billion solar systems in the Milky Way Galaxy. The scientific theory of how the solar system was created was when a cloud of gas and dust was disturbed by an outside force. The cloud then compressed and the particles began to stick together by forming larger objects  (the planets) and the temperature and pressure rose and a nuclear fusion began and created the sun. All of the coal, oil, gas, and wood on Earth would only keep the Sun burning for a few days. The average size of a star is about 150,000 times bigger than Earth. In the Centaurus constellation is a star named Lucy. It is a huge diamond floating in space. It weighs 10 billion trillion trillion carats and is about the size of the moon. Below is a picture of the Milky Way Galaxy.

Pic Creds

Cites Used:
http://solarsystemfacts.net
http://my.chicagotribune.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-67373603/
http://hotpot.se/AmFaSciSp.htm